In other words, trivial self-replicating systems can only access one instructional mode, the one which the system is currently operating in, and as such are capable of only passive information handling. Neutron reflectivity study of substrate surface chemistry effects on supported phospholipid bilayer formation on (112. It must therefore be programmed to construct specific things, and if it is to replicate then it must also be provided with a blueprint of itself.6 However, as von Neumann recognized, implicit in this seemingly innocuous statement is a deep conceptual difficulty concerning the well-known paradoxes of self-reference [59,60]. The unique informational narrative of living systems suggests that life may be characterized by context-dependent causal influences, and, in particular, that top-down (or downward) causation—where higher levels influence and constrain the dynamics of lower levels in organizational hierarchies—may be a major contributor to the hierarchal structure of living systems. Argarwal VK, Schutte W, Greenberg JM etal. A possible refinement is provided by Tononi's [78] measure of the so-called integrated information φ, based on network topology. Although it has been notoriously difficult to pin down precisely what is it that makes life so distinctive and remarkable, there is general agreement that its informational aspect is one key property, perhaps the key property. Despite the conceptual elegance of the RNA world, the hypothesis faces problems, primarily because of the immense challenge of synthesizing RNA nucleotides under plausible prebiotic conditions and the susceptibility of RNA oligomers to degradation via hydrolysis [33–35]. Methods to advance this programme include identifying the causal architecture of known biochemical networks by applying candidate measures (such as φ, or other measures of causal architecture [80,81]), and focusing on regulatory networks (information control networks) in ancient biochemical pathways to identify the minimal network architectures necessary to support the causal and informational narrative observed in extant life. To a rough approximation, all known life contains these three components, which is particularly remarkable, given that von Neumann formulated his ideas before the discoveries of modern molecular biology, including the structure of DNA and the ribosome. An example of such a universality class relevant to biological systems is the set of all possible sequences composed of the natural set of 20 amino acids found in proteins. This is another way of stating, in informational terms, that analogue-only systems are not as versatile or as robust as analogue systems with digital information control and as such may probably have very limited evolutionary capacity [55]. Significance of mineral salts in prebiotic RNA synthesis catalyzed by montmorillonite. Toward higher polyprenols under ‘prebiotic’ conditions. functionality) are decisively non-local, subject to informational control and feedback, so that the dynamical rules will generally change with time in a manner that is both a function of the current state and the history of the organism [20,21] (suggesting perhaps that even the concept of evolution itself may be in need of revision, see Goldenfeld & Woese [21,22] for an insightful discussion). for the transition of mixed FA–PL membranes to PL-enriched membranes. from state to dynamical rules and dynamical rules to the state) [68–71]. either analogue or digital systems that lack information control), which, although certainly important to the story of life's emergence, do not rigorously define how/when life emerges as a function of chemical complexity. In contrast, a non-trivial replicator is algorithmically incompressible and requires an algorithm, or instruction set, of complexity comparable to the system it describes (or creates). Self-assembled vesicles of monocarboxylic acids and alcohols: conditions for stability and for the encapsulation of biopolymers. Role of oxide surface chemistry and phospholipid phase on adsorption and self-assembly: isotherms and atomic force microscopy. Evolutionary transitions and top-down causation, An Information integration theory of consciousness, Detecting emergent processes in cellular automata with excess information, The calculi of emergence: computation, dynamics and induction, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-062910-140509, A framework for parsing heritable information, Evolutionary aspects of reservoir computing, Probing complexity: thermodynamics and computational mechanics approaches to origins studies, Primordial sex facilitates the emergence of evolution, Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks, Information theory, predictability and the emergence of complex life, Coarse-graining as a downward causation mechanism, How causal analysis can reveal autonomy in models of biological systems, analogue and digital information processing, dual hardware and software roles of genetic material, physical separation of instructions (algorithms) from the mechanism that implements them. A conundrum arises because neither can operate without the other in contemporary life, where the duality is manifested via the genome–proteome systems. (i) the effect of dissolved cations on the stability of mixed fatty acid and phospholipid Some Milestones in Origin-of-Life Science-1 • ~ 5,000 yrs ago: The Bible states God created humans & higher organisms. In contrast to models that rely on extrapolating backward in time from extant biology, approaches that move forward from what is known of the geochemical conditions on the primitive Earth typically favour an analogue format for the first living systems. Beating the acetyl coenzyme A-pathway to the origin of life. For example, much of the information digitally stored in DNA must first be transcribed and translated before it becomes algorithmically meaningful in the context of the cell where it is then processed as analogue information through protein interaction networks. This is not without good reason: the origin of translation—mediating what is known of the transition from trivial to non-trivial8—is notoriously difficult to pin down, amounting to an algorithmic takeover of information stored in one molecular species (nucleic acids) that becomes operable over another structurally and chemically very different species (peptides). Instead, hardware has dominated the discussion, in accordance with the generally reductionist flavour of biology in recent decades, with its associated assumption that, ultimately, all life is nothing but chemistry. The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life. Cast in the language of the previous section, trivial replicators process information strictly in the passive sense. The causal efficacy of distributed information control, discussed throughout this paper, provides a plausible candidate parameter that includes the possibility of identifying states of ‘almost life’. 44, No. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. on life's origins will move in somewhat different directions once the professionals have read this important work. As we discuss below, because of the organizational structure of systems capable of processing algorithmic (instructional) information, it is not at all clear that a monomolecular system, where a single polymer plays the role of catalyst and informational carrier, is even logically consistent with the organization of information flow in living systems, because there is no possibility of separating information storage from information processing (that being such a distinctive feature of modern life). However, it is not obvious exactly how Turing's very abstract formalism might map onto biological systems. Although modern life is clearly representative of the class of non-trivial self-replicators, the majority of work on the origin of life has focused on the conceptually simpler case of trivial self-replication. By continuing you agree to the, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01300-0, The origin of life—a review of facts and speculations. The algorithm itself is therefore highly delocalized, distributed inextricably throughout the very physical system whose dynamics it encodes. It is the functionality of the expressed RNAs and proteins—not the bits—that is biologically important.
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