The defining episode of the presidency of Herbert Hoover was the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression. While economist Douglas Irwin has found that Smoot-Hawley’s effects were not as large as often thought, they still helped cause a decline in international trade, a decline that contributed to the worsening worldwide depression. These actions were collectively designed to prevent a cycle of deflation and provide a fiscal stimulus. For more information, see the Superintendent's Compendium (PDF file). While Smith won extra support among Catholics in the big cities, he was the target of intense anti-Catholic rhetoric from the Ku Klux Klan, as well as numerous Protestant preachers in rural areas across the South and West. NARA will not post comments that contain abusive, vulgar, offensive, threatening or harassing language, personal attacks of any kind, or offensive terms that target specific individuals or groups. Hoover nominated Benjamin Cardozo, the highly regarded chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals, and Cardozo was approved by the Senate in a unanimous vote. Presumably out of fear of the White House or, perhaps, because it would keep the unions quiet, industrial leaders agreed to this proposal. [30], Hoover saw the presidency as a vehicle for improving the conditions of all Americans by encouraging public-private cooperation—what he termed "volunteerism". As president, Hoover received a $75,000 salary. Higher interest rates meant that debt now cost more for lenders to pay back. Media questions or comments will not be posted. Many Democrats, including FDR, saw him as a potential presidential candidate for their party in the 1920s. As Hoover's term extended until March 1933, he held office for several months after his defeat in the November 1932 election. Chief Justice (and former president) William Howard Taft administered the oath of office. Certain activities, like commercial photography, weddings, or special events require a permit. The conference prepared technical findings and recommendations regarding every conceivable childhood concern from prenatal care and a safe environment during childhood to expanded educational opportunities and the promise of health care for the physically and mentally handicapped. cit., p. 228; and Gene Smiley, Rethinking the Great Depression, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002, p. 13. [79], Though some economists, like William Trufant Foster, favored deficit spending to address the Great Depression, most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a balanced budget. [84] In 1931, Hoover signed the Davis-Bacon Act, which required a maximum eight-hour day on construction of public buildings, as well as the payment of at least the local "prevailing wage." .
He supported government regulation of new industries like aviation and radio. History. [68] A reserved man with a fear of public speaking, Hoover allowed his opponents in the Democratic Party to define him as cold, incompetent, reactionary, and out-of-touch. He believed an economy based on capitalism would self-correct. However, Hamilton also notes that Hoover was politically inept and failed to recognize the severity of the Great Depression. In 1930, he hosted the first ever White House Conference on Child Health and Protection. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you accept their use. "[66] By mid-1931, the unemployment rate had reached 15 percent, giving rise to growing fears that the country was experiencing a depression far worse than recent economic downturns.
[145], Hoover's reputation experienced a strong recovery after 1970. 510) Smith was a "wet" who called for its repeal, whereas Hoover gave limited support for Prohibition, calling it an "experiment noble in purpose." .
A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association’s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Hoover as the 36th best president. [85], The United States banned the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages nationwide in 1920 following the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment.
From 1789 until the early 1930s, presidential and congressional terms began on March 4. In August 1929, the Fed raised the discount rate from 5%-6%. That made loans more expensive right when banks needed cheap funds. The blog of the Herbert Hoover Library and Museum. The Baroque is a style of art that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s. NARA will review all comments before posting them. Ellis W. Hawley, "Herbert Hoover and the Historians-Recent Developments: A Review Essay. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Herbert Hoover, “Address Accepting the Republican Presidential Nomination,” August 11, 1932. He had traveled the world extensively as a mining engineer, served on President Wilson's delegation to the peace talks at the end of World War I, and worked on international trade issues as secretary of commerce. In his final report, Hoover recommended and laid the plan for the formation of an organization within the United Nations to focus attention on the needs of children. The presidency of Herbert Hoover began on March 4, 1929, when Herbert Hoover was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1933. In 1917, he became head of the wartime Food Administration, working to reduce American food consumption. It has been updated several times. When prices rose, they became millionaires. Bureau of Economic Analysis. [145][146] These revisionist historians depicted Hoover as an individual "deserving of respect and historical study for his roles as a humane reformer, idealistic visionary, and institutional developer. His effectiveness in conserving resources and supplies needed for war made Hoover a household name in America. Most prominently, Herbert Hoover made a lasting contribution through the numerous national parks that he established as president. Hoover also refused to call a special session of Congress after the election, leaving the 72nd Congress in recess from March 1931 to December 1931.
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